…s (Figure 1). Gain and filter should be minimized in order to obtain optimal images. The pulsed Doppler beam can be positioned using color Doppler…

…can further increase the amount of gain applied to incoming sound waves. This is done using gain control or time gain compensation (TGC) . Figure 1…

…Figure 1. Orientation using the index marker. Image quality Various methods for optimizing image quality have been discussed earlier (refer to Optimization of the ultrasound…

…Measuring the radius of PISA. Color Doppler is used to revealing PISA. As discussed earlier, aliasing occurs when using color Doppler to analyze velocities greater…

…that of reverberations. Figure 4. Mirror image artifact. Side lobe artifact A 2D image is formed by allowing the ultrasound beam to sweep back and…

Echocardiography The Doppler effect When sound waves hit objects some of the sound waves are reflected back to the sound source. If the reflector (i…

…muscles are considered part of the left ventricular cavity. Other dimensions– including atrial dimensions, mitral annulus, aortic annulus, etc –are measured using the blood tissue…

…gradient (mmHg) across a valve. Example 1 : A maximum velocity of 4 m/s is measured across the aortic valve. The pressure gradient equals: 4…

…next sinus beat will be longer than one normal sinus interval. The P wave of a premature atrial contraction has the following characteristics ( Figure 1 …

CPR ECG 1 . The initial rhythm is atrial fibrillation. The fifth beat is a ventricular premature beat. A ventricular tachycardia (VT) emerges. As evident, ventricular…