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Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular…

ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-wave

…ischemia: ischemic ST segment & T wave changes This chapter discusses typical and atypical changes in the ST segment and the T wave during myocardial ischemia…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen erythromycin 500 mg × 4 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1 (day 1), then 100 mg…

Renal parameters

…renal function Formula Used for : : CKD EPI 2021 (creatinine) The first choice for eGFR in adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle mass…

Atrial Flutter: Mechanisms, ECG Recognition and Management

…the CTI has been definitively ruled out. Typical flutter is closely related to atrial fibrillation (AF) in clinical practice. Both arrhythmias are associated with similar…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…or non cardiac . The term “atypical” is discouraged because it may understate the possibility of ischaemia. A focused history should establish: Quality of the discomfort…

Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…older adults with markedly limited physical activity. Traditional labels such as “typical” and “atypical” angina have limited value, particularly in patients with microvascular dysfunction or…

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

…ACS is generally similar to that in non pregnant patients, although symptoms may be atypical. Pregnant patients with SCAD may have a more severe presentation…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…to infarct volume than to transmurality. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Typical presentation Pain is the most frequent presenting symptom. It is generally deep and visceral…

Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management

…the same symptoms and events. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature was the characteristic ST segment elevations in leads V1–V3. Prevalence and genetics of Brugada…

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