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Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins as First-Line Treatment

…component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when appropriate, immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…coronary atherosclerosis. The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of…

Coronary Artery Disease

…and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable…

Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management

…and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal…

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