ECG The artificial pacemaker is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the…

…to neighboring cells and ultimately depolarize all connected myocardium. This is the main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that…

…ECG interpretation is a sophisticated art, even in the current era of artificial intelligence (AI). ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and…

Conduction defects ECG Management and treatment of AV blocks (AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical…

…also referred to as 1st degree AV block, AV block I, or AV block 1. Before proceeding, it is recommended to review the basic concepts…

…irreversible conditions, a progressive disease that necessitates treatment. Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe ase of concomitant tachyarrhythmia, the…

…should lead to suspicion of ischemia (if the patient has symptoms consistent with ischemia). The same is true for artificial pacemakers (virtually all pacemakers stimula

…induce cardiac arrest or cause profound cardiopulmonary depression. Table 1 delineates substances for which specific antidotes are available. The detrimental effects of these substances can…