ECG The artificial pacemaker is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the…

…that drive the cells to threshold. Any stimulus driving the membrane potential to threshold will evoke an action potential, which will subsequently propagate to neighboring…

…ECG interpretation is a sophisticated art, even in the current era of artificial intelligence (AI). ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and…

…and physical examination. It is also reasonable to analyze cardiac troponins if there is any probability of myocardial ischemia as the underlying cause. Holter ECG…

…bundle branches. This type of first degree AV block often progresses to third degree (complete) AV block, and therefore necessitates an artificial pacemaker. Blocks located…

…sinus syndrome should receive an artificial pacemaker to reduce symptoms and increase function. However, it should be noted that any bradycardia originating in the sinoatrial…

…should lead to suspicion of ischemia (if the patient has symptoms consistent with ischemia). The same is true for artificial pacemakers (virtually all pacemakers stimula

…antidote is not available, it is essential to provide supportive care and maintain vital functions artificially until the substance undergoes renal elimination, hepatic elimination or…