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Cardiovascular Prevention in the Very Elderly

…and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is regarded as a multifactorial systemic illness involving…

Mitral regurgitation

…cause of mitral regurgitation in high income countries is age related degeneration of the valvular apparatus. Age related degeneration affects 2% of the population and…

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening and Surveillance

…are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs larger than 4 cm are associated with atherosclerotic pathology. AAA prevalence increases with age and…

Complete Versus Culprit-Only Revascularization in Acute Coronary Syndrome

…In cardiogenic shock, the principal precipitating mechanisms include ischaemia related heart failure, acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when…

Introduction to pediatric & neonatal ECG interpretation

…parallel with the changing anatomy and physiology of the heart. ECG amplitudes, intervals and waveforms are therefore different in children and there are marked age…

Introduction to pediatric & neonatal ECG interpretation

…parallel with the changing anatomy and physiology of the heart. ECG amplitudes, intervals and waveforms are therefore different in children and there are marked age…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…article. A rehearsal follows. Reversible causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (development of fibrosis) of the sinoatrial node. Myocardial ischemia/infarction. Perimyocarditis…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…after approximately 65 years of age. Hypertension related left ventricular hypertrophy, concentric remodelling, reduced longitudinal strain and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are more…

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) & Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

…could reasonably explain). The probability of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is inversely related to age, such that the younger the patient presenting with hypertrophy, the more likely…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…obesity, smoking and increasing age are common risk factors for CKD and CVD. Hypertension and renal disease are bidirectionally related: hypertension accelerates CKD progression, while…

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