…antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The…

…bind to the upregulated adhesion molecules, transmigrate into the intima via diapedesis, and differentiate into tissue macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony stimulating factor…

…chronic, systemic proinflammatory state. This circulating inflammation leads to coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the upregulation of adhesion molecules (e.g., VCAM 1) a

…a rapid cascade of platelet adhesion (mediated by von Willebrand factor and Glycoprotein Ib IX V), activation (via thromboxane A2 and ADP), and aggregation (via…

…promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses and potentially increasing the future risk of obstructive coronary disease…