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Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute…

Introduction to exercise stress testing (treadmill test, exercise ECG)

…exercise capacity (and VO2 max , see below). In addition to exercise capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…In addition to the gel, it is important to apply some pressure when holding the transducer against the skin. Patients with extensive subcutaneous fat require…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…contractility. Analogous electrophysiological changes occur within the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…is associated with poor outcomes. Preserving right ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is multifactorial. In addition to elevated…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…drug users (intravenous addiction), elderly patients with altered valves, patients with valve prostheses or other cardiac devices (pacemaker, CRT, ICD). In addition to staphylococcus aureus …

Interpretation of Pacemaker ECG

…mm/s. In addition to stimulation artifacts, ventricular pacing yields wide QRS complexes with LBBB morphology (i.e left bundle branch block appearance). This is…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…its surroundings, the myocardium and valves. ECG is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial disease. In addition to echocardiography, ECG and clinical examination, blood…

The chain of survival in sudden cardiac arrest

…EMS) is trained in BLS. It is increasingly common to dispatch first responders to OHCA, in addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations…

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