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Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute…

Introduction to exercise stress testing (treadmill test, exercise ECG)

…exercise capacity (and VO2 max , see below). In addition to exercise capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…gel is recommended. In addition to the gel, it is important to apply some pressure when holding the transducer against the skin. Patients with extensive…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…contractility. Analogous electrophysiological changes occur within the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is multifactorial. In addition to elevated exercise induced filling pressures, patients may have:

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…drug users (intravenous addiction), elderly patients with altered valves, patients with valve prostheses or other cardiac devices (pacemaker, CRT, ICD). In addition to staphylococcus aureus …

Interpretation of Pacemaker ECG

…be visible in one or a few leads. Figure 1. Stimulation artifact (red arrows) in ventricular pacing. 25 mm/s. In addition to stimulation artifacts…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…In addition to echocardiography, ECG and clinical examination, blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or…

The chain of survival in sudden cardiac arrest

…EMS) is trained in BLS. It is increasingly common to dispatch first responders to OHCA, in addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations…

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