…caused by ischemia/infarction : There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial…

…of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease (CAD) and coronary artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary…

…of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease (CAD) and coronary artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary…

…the Framingham Heart Study and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, highlight a shifting demographic profile in incident HFrEF. Historically dominated by acute myocardial…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

…ECG blog Coronary artery disease: On LDL cholesterol, dietary fat & statins You are probably aware that ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease…

…Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest…

…cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism…

…PCI). Contraindications for myocardial perfusion imaging Exercise stress testing is contraindicated in patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, severe aortic stenosis, decompensated heart failure…

…pathological tachyarrhythmia. Only atrial fibrillation is more common. Atrial flutter occurs almost exclusively among persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most…

…grafting [CABG]). Stress testing is used to establish the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease as well as estimating the extent of ischemia. After revascularization procedures…

…prolapse DCM (dilated cardiomyopathy) Ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) Rheumatic valve disease Endocarditis Congenital mitral regurgitation Amyloidosis SLE Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) Rupture of…

…a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Sustained VT: Defined as…

…in patients with ischemic heart disease, the majority of all ischemic episodes are asymptomatic (refer to The Ischemic Cascade). Acute coronary syndromes occur when atherosclerotic…

…Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause symptoms already at rest. Stable ischemic heart disease does not cause symptoms at rest unless the…

…as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response…

…The most common causes are coronary heart disease (acute coronary syndromes or ischemic heart disease), heart failure , cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), valvular disease …

…stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia or infarction, acute heart failure, or pulmonary oedema…

…the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an…

…1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying genetic predisposition, structural heart disease, and diabetes [1]. Although TdP and subsequent sudden death are rare, the…

…reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY…

…atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus…

…million deaths annually worldwide. The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is acute or chronic coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Cardiomyopathies (dilated or…

…with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction, cardiac rupture with tamponade, and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease…

…is not an absolute rule. While it often holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not…

…bundle branches. Individuals with ischemic heart disease (or myocardial infarction) who present with right bundle branch block typically also have a fascicular block. This condition…

…syndrome Silent ischaemia Heart failure, particularly when left ventricular function is impaired Haemodynamic or electrical instability in advanced or acute presentations Left main disease may…

…anatomy is suitable. In cardiogenic shock, the principal precipitating mechanisms include ischaemia related heart failure, acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs…

…multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In chronic coronary disease…

…MI). MI denotes cardiomyocyte necrosis occurring in the clinical setting of acute myocardial ischaemia and is diagnosed according to the fourth universal definition of MI…

…chest pain or unilaterally reduced breath sounds Consider pneumothorax New arrhythmia or ischaemic ECG changes Concomitant cardiac disease Oxygen targets Patient Initial target saturation : : Known…

…European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and 2025 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines emphasize a unified, risk stratified continuum of disease…

…the presence of substantial pre existing CKD, particularly when congestive heart failure or other causes of ischaemic AKI coexist. Risk assessment Patient related risk factors…

…between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate…

…myocardial ischaemia rather than by a particular symptom intensity alone. The characteristic symptom is chest discomfort, but the clinical manifestations of ischaemic heart disease are…

…well supported in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and coronary artery disease (CAD), and after acute coronary syndromes in patients with…

…may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though…

…adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure; congestive heart failure; prior stroke; emergency coronary angiography or PCI…

…from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as renal failure). To establish a diagnosis of MI, acute myocardial injury…

…with stent thrombosis present with ACS. Clinical manifestations therefore commonly include recurrent myocardial ischaemia, recurrent infarction, or acute coronary occlusion. Stent thrombosis may occur within…

…of acute STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction). Overview of management Click the diagram to enlarge. Chest pain (discomfort) is the hallmark symptom of myocardial ischemia…

…Non acute heart failure in which an ischaemic or cardiometabolic cause is suspected. Selected asymptomatic individuals in whom coronary disease is detected incidentally or during…

…intramural haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in coronary blood flow may produce myocardial ischaemia, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI)…

…systemic illness, structural heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and…

…rupture causes abrupt severe MR. Its typical presentation is: Sudden severe dyspnoea. Acute pulmonary oedema. Hypotension. Progressive heart failure. Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of a…

…functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…myocardial ischaemia. Non ischaemic myocardial injury may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease…

…obstructive disease when good image quality is expected. It is also an alternative to invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute…

…and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart failure—particularly heart failure with preserved…

…myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce…

…of heart failure Haemodynamic instability Myocardial ischaemic symptoms or electrocardiographic changes Thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke In ACS, AF may be present before the acute event…

…and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess ischaemic heart disease risk associated…

…predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, older age, vascular disease and renal dysfunction…

…affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease, etc .) are warranted…

…cause myocardial ischemia because cardiac output diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation…

…Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease. Heart failure is also considered…

…chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with…

…systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Valvular heart disease Pulmonary hypertension Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction…

…if there is suspicion of syncope due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac disease. Relevant abnormalities include bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias, AV block, acute myocardial ischemia…

…is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or diltiazem When a beta blocker is contraindicated, for example in…