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Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…examinations, regardless of image quality. The ultrasound transducer is held at the tip, using the thumb and the forefinger, while remaining fingers stabilize the grip…

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes…

Acquired QT Prolongation and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia

…evaluating acquired QT prolongation. The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values in the general population are 450 ms for men and…

🟠 Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography

…assume laminar flow and circular LVOT/RVOT geometry, which may not hold in all patients. Error in Calculation : The original formula’s inclusion of “ 100…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

Cardiovascular Prevention in the Very Elderly

…and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular…

QT duration & corrected QT (QTc) duration: ECG features & implications

…mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate; QT duration increases at slow heart rates and vice…

M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography

…its temporal and axial resolution is very high, as compared with 2D echocardiography. M mode is useful for quantifying the mobility of structures and measuring…

🟠 Antiarrhythmic drugs in acute ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)

…with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around…

Antiarrhythmic drugs in ventricular tachyarrhythmias

…with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around…

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