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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes that may result in near total obliteration of affected vessels. Genetic, molecular, and acquired factors may interact in its development…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency…

Acquired QT Prolongation and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia

…ECG) The ECG is the primary diagnostic tool for evaluating acquired QT prolongation. The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values in…

🟠 Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography

…non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or failure to thrive. Limitations and Considerations Technical Challenges : Poor acoustic windows or suboptimal Doppler alignment may skew…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…8 days including oral step down Hospital acquired pneumonia, severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin…

Cardiovascular Prevention in the Very Elderly

…cognitive impairment, and reduced physiologic reserve may dominate clinical outcomes and limit tolerance of otherwise evidence based interventions. Hypertension and vascular disease Hypertension is the…

QT duration & corrected QT (QTc) duration: ECG features & implications

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders)…

M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography

…used in clinical practice. M mode provides a one dimensional view of all reflectors (i.e structures reflecting ultrasound waves) along one ultrasound line. Hence…

🟠 Antiarrhythmic drugs in acute ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)

…with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around…

Antiarrhythmic drugs in ventricular tachyarrhythmias

…with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around…

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