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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…left heart disease from pulmonary vascular disease. Although a PAWP of 12 mmHg represents the upper limit of normal in some assessments, a threshold of…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…an elbow rest, and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence…

Acquired QT Prolongation and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia

…ECG) The ECG is the primary diagnostic tool for evaluating acquired QT prolongation. The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values in…

🟠 Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography

…Below, we outline the methodology and clinical applications of shunt fraction calculation. Echocardiographic Calculation of Qp/Qs 1. Measurement of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…8 days including oral step down Hospital acquired pneumonia, severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin…

Cardiovascular Prevention in the Very Elderly

…The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older…

QT duration & corrected QT (QTc) duration: ECG features & implications

…QT syndrome (LQTS). A complete list of drugs causing QT prolongation can be found here. Corrected QT intervals (QTc) can be calculated below. Short (QT)…

M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography

…placed perpendicular to the long axis of the left ventricle, as illustrated in Figure 1. One obvious disadvantage of M mode is that it only…

🟠 Antiarrhythmic drugs in acute ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)

…with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around…

Antiarrhythmic drugs in ventricular tachyarrhythmias

…with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around…

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