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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners…

Acquired QT Prolongation and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia

…evaluating acquired QT prolongation. The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values in the general population are 450 ms for men and…

🟠 Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography

…the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…8 days including oral step down Hospital acquired pneumonia, severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin…

Cardiovascular Prevention in the Very Elderly

…and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular…

QT duration & corrected QT (QTc) duration: ECG features & implications

…mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate; QT duration increases at slow heart rates and vice…

M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography

…its temporal and axial resolution is very high, as compared with 2D echocardiography. M mode is useful for quantifying the mobility of structures and measuring…

🟠 Antiarrhythmic drugs in acute ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)

…with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around…

Antiarrhythmic drugs in ventricular tachyarrhythmias

…with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around…

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