…heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction T wave changes in acute myocardial infarction & ischemia A thorough discussion regarding the physiology of the T wavewas previously provided…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements…

…SCAD), or another occult structural abnormality. IVUS IVUS generates images by transmitting ultrasound from an intracoronary catheter and recording echoes reflected from the vessel wall…

…between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply. Stress increases myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of a…

…P wave will exceed 120 milliseconds in lead II. Biatrial abnormality/enlargement Biatrial abnormality implies that the ECG indicates both left and right atrial enlargement…

…of new loss of viable myocardium or a new regional wall motion abnormality in an ischemic distribution Angiographic evidence of a flow limiting procedural complication…

…may produce pain in the abdomen, chest, lower back or scrotum. Aneurysmal pain is clinically important because it may herald rupture and constitutes a medical…

…Exercise may amplify the abnormality through increased myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms…

…the defining abnormality is inadequate distal perfusion in the absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long…

…fraction but impaired contractile function in the inferior wall. This finding is referred to as inferior wall motion abnormality and it may evidence of myocardial…

…regional wall motion abnormality in an ischaemic pattern. Identification of a coronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy, except in type 2 and type 3 MI…

…evident in the ascending part of the ST segment. A male patient (Figure 1) presented at age 36 years with an ECG showing deep and…

…or functional cardiac abnormality or raised natriuretic peptides is not mandatory for HFmrEF when the diagnosis of heart failure is clinically secure and the LVEF…

…common. If the abnormality persists: hepatitis serology (A, B, C, E), iron studies and ferritin, ANA, SMA, AMA, IgG subclasses, caeruloplasmin in people under 40…

…syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally…

…in which the narrowing of the opened aortic valve orifice makes it difficult for blood to flow from the ventricle to the aorta). Hypertension and…

…For example, in the setting of left bundle branch block (LBBB), fractional shortening is not representative of ventricular function, since the activation proceeds abnormally. Normal…

…abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves. These must be differentiated from hyperacute T waves seen in…

…the heart rate, and the resulting QT interval is referred to as corrected QT interval, or simply QTc interval. The primary hazard lies in long…

…complexes are not preceded by P waves because the ectopic impulse originates in the ventricles and does not influence the atria (with exceptions discussed below)…

…the heart. Atrioventricular (AV) blocks occur due to dysfunction in the conduction system. The atrioventricular (AV) node is densely innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic…