…in order to minimize the probability of missing significant abnormalities. The following parameters must be assessed, in chronological order: Heart rate Rhythm P wave PR…

…Structural Heart Disease (SHD): Accounting for approximately 90% of all VT presentations, SHD provides the macroscopic architectural abnormalities necessary for arrhythmogenesis. Ischemic heart disease (IHD…

…drug induced arrhythmias in patients receiving agents known to alter the electrical properties of the heart (inducing QRS or QT prolongation) or causing electrolyte abnormalities…

…structural heart disease High risk features on examination include: Unexplained systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg Suggestion of gastrointestinal hemorrhage Persistent bradycardia (< 40 beats…

…facilitated by using an algorithm, as it minimizes the risk of missing important abnormalities and also speeds up the interpretation. Note that this chapter is…

…the square root of the RR interval (the time between two successive R wave peaks). However, it tends to overcorrect at high heart rates and…

…ECG, clinical characteristics and management Pre excitation The atrioventricular node and bundle of His are normally the only communication between the atria and the ventricles…

…used interchangeably throughout this text. Wall motion abnormalities in ischemic heart disease In the setting of stable ischemic heart disease, an atherosclerotic plaque causes ischemia…

…The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These abnormalities produce breathlessness…

…a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection…