…accompanied by already impaired ventricular function, does not allow for adequate filling of the ventricles, which results in reduced stroke volume and reduced cardiac output…

…patient to recite the months of the year backwards. A normal result does not exclude delirium, however, and an abnormal result is not specific to…

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

…a result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other…

…This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding…

…myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia…

…of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery can result in reduced coronary oxygen content, coronary steal, and myocardial ischaemia. Coronary fistulae create an abnormal…

…Normal Abnormal Abnormal A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the…

…or abnormal arteriolar vasoconstriction. More than one mechanism may coexist. Supply–demand mismatch MINOCA may result from a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…depolarizes the ventricles) passes through the bundle of His, and hence it originates in the atria. In other words: tachycardias with narrow QRS complexes originate…