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Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing: Indications, Limitations and Interpretation

…stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD, CCTA or functional imaging should generally be preferred when available…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…on the patient's baseline cardiovascular state. For instance, a patient with stable CAD may present with clinical manifestations of myocardial ischaemia following an acute…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…favorable neurological recovery exhibited an abnormal pupillary reflex upon initial examination. Notably, 31.2% of patients discharged with intact neurological function were observed to lack…

Diagnosis and management of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias: Narrow complex tachycardia & wide complex tachycardia

…impulses generated in the ventricles will result in wide QRS complexes because the impulse will spread entirely or partly outside of the conduction system (which…

Interpretation of Pacemaker ECG

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management

…due to diminished automaticity (pacemaker function) in the sinoatrial node or conduction defects (e.g. second degree AV block) as a result of ischemia/infarction…

Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG

…Significant hypertrophy may result in abnormal depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. This is presumably due to a mismatch between the expansion of contractile cells as…

Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) Angina: Provocation Testing and Treatment

…is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural…

Blood gas interpretation: quick reference for acid-base disorders

…by itself identify the cause. The result must always be weighed together with the clinical picture, medication, fluid balance, renal function, electrolytes and supplemental oxygen…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result…

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