…PLR) The pupillary light reflex (PLR) – the constriction of the pupils in response to light – is a fundamental neurological examination finding that reflects brainstem (midbrain)…

…segment depression, reflecting an abnormal repolarization response to exercise induced myocardial oxygen supply–demand imbalance. The exercise response is not confined to the ECG. Ischaemia…

…in clinical practice, and these arrhythmias are commonly referred to simply as atrial tachycardia or atrial rhythm, depending on the ventricular response. The ECG in…

…include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation, transient rate related conduction abnormalities, pacing related repolarization changes, and inadequate coronary flow relative to myocardial oxygen demand…

…min from rest to exercise. This response is age dependent and may rarely occur in healthy people older than 60 years. The abnormal slope does…

…vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes, and serotonin. In patients with CAD, endothelial disruption may convert normal vasodilator responses to vasoconstriction…

…to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses…

…of cases Hypoactive Lethargy, slow responses, reduced speech, immobility, poor food intake, reduced eye contact Common and particularly easy to miss. May be misinterpreted as…

…is to determine if a cardiac arrest has occurred. A cardiac arrest is confirmed by the following four examinations: Responsiveness : Does the victim respond to…

…adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio…