…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…and myocardial ischaemia. Coronary fistulae create an abnormal connection between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or vessel. Clinical presentation and symptoms Most myocardial…

…between the cardiac and renal axes may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central…

…requirements or can do so only at the cost of elevated filling pressures. Congestion and elevated filling pressures produce the characteristic clinical syndrome of breathlessness…

…formerly termed Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible…

…which abnormal plasma cells produce misfolded immunoglobulin light chains [8, 19]. Light chains are directly toxic to cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of high levels of…

…in the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12…

…produce angina, impaired exercise capacity, an abnormal blood pressure response or ventricular arrhythmias. A fall in systolic blood pressure, particularly when accompanied by evidence of…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…of the coronary microcirculation. Microvascular angina reflects myocardial ischaemia caused by structural or functional microvascular abnormalities, impaired coronary flow reserve, reduced microcirculatory conductance, or abnormal…