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ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)

…determine whether the ECG waves and intervals are normal. This chapter will focus on the ECG waves in terms of morphology (appearance), durations and intervals…

🟠 Reference values for adult ECG

…in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm (which is the normal rhythm) has the following characteristics: (1) heart rate 50–100 beats per minute; (2…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…prognostic evaluation using two complementary domains: Indicators of acute PE severity , including clinical findings, RV dysfunction on imaging, and myocardial injury shown by laboratory testing…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

…Evidence such as increased left atrial size, left ventricular hypertrophy or abnormal LV filling supports the diagnosis Unlike HFpEF, objective evidence of structural or functional…

Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images (Myocardial SPECT / PET)

…perfusion differences. Perfusion assessment The assessment of myocardial regions in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is based on principles similar to those used in echocardiography. The…

ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses

…ECG finding is the ST segment depressions. In STE ACS, on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings…

Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome

…presents ECG findings during normal atrioventricular impulse transmission as well as ECG findings during pre excitation. Figure 1. Hallmarks of pre excitation on the ECG…

T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's sign

…A net positive QRS complex should be followed by a net positive T wave (refer to the previous discussion on concordance/discordance and Figure 1 )…

Digoxin - ECG changes, arrhythmias, conduction defects & treatment

…also provoke abnormal automaticity in cells that normally do not exhibit automaticity. The effect on automaticity should be distinguished from the effect on impulse conduction…

Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)

…the sinoatrial node) is a common finding in athletes and during sleep; in these scenarios, it should not be considered abnormal. On the other hand…

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