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Quiz: ECG in athletes

…6. Which of the following ECG findings is generally considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes and typically does not require further evaluation, assuming no…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses

…on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings are the ST segment elevations. As explained in the previous…

🟠 Reference values for adult ECG

…P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm (which is the normal…

ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)

…reader firm knowledge of normal findings , normal variants (i.e less common variants of what is considered normal) and pathological variants . Thus, in this chapter…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…and other conditions incorporated into validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…except in type 2 and type 3 MI. A diagnosis of MI should not be made solely from an abnormal cTn concentration in the absence…

Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images (Myocardial SPECT / PET)

…sex and age, to identify deviations from normal values. This enhances the ability to detect subtle perfusion defects and differentiate between normal and abnormal patterns…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

…than in HFpEF. The clinical population is heterogeneous because the HFmrEF range includes both patients with recovering systolic function and those with deterioration from a…

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